Foot & Ankle scores and calculators
13 foot & ankle instruments, grouped by what they do. Each carries its scoring formula in full, published clinically important thresholds where they exist, and its copyright status.
Conditions covered
Achilles tendinopathy · Acute ankle injury · Ankle fracture · Ankle instability · Ankle osteoarthritis · Ankle sprain · Avascular necrosis of the talus · Calcaneal fracture · Chronic ankle instability · Claw toe · Deltoid ligament injury · Distal fibular fracture · Fifth toe deformity · First metatarsophalangeal joint osteoarthritis · Foot and ankle fracture · Hallux limitus · Hallux rigidus · Hallux valgus · Hallux varus · Hammer toe · Hindfoot arthritis · Hindfoot trauma · Hip pain · Intra-articular calcaneal fracture · Knee osteoarthritis · Lateral ankle sprain · Lateral malleolar fracture · Lesser metatarsophalangeal joint instability · Lower limb musculoskeletal disorder · Maisonneuve fracture · Malleolar fracture · Mallet toe · Metatarsalgia · Midfoot injury · Osteochondral lesion of the talus · Plantar heel pain · Post-operative lower limb rehabilitation · Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction · Subtalar dislocation · Subtalar joint depression · Subtalar joint injury · Syndesmotic injury · Talar neck fracture · Talus fracture
Patient-reported outcome measure4
- FAAM29 itemsFoot and Ankle Ability MeasureThe FAAM is a 29-item patient-reported questionnaire for musculoskeletal disorders of the leg, foot and ankle that produces two separate subscale scores — Activities of Daily Living from 21 items and Sports from 8 items — each expressed from 0% (unable to perform the listed activities) to 100% (no limitation).
- FADI34 itemsFoot and Ankle Disability IndexThe Foot and Ankle Disability Index is a patient-reported questionnaire of 26 scored items — 22 activities and 4 pain items, each rated 0 to 4 for a maximum of 104 — with an optional 8-item sports subscale out of 32, where a higher score means less disability.
- FAOS42 itemsFoot and Ankle Outcome ScoreThe FAOS is a 42-item patient-reported questionnaire adapted from the KOOS that scores foot and ankle problems as five separate subscales — Symptoms, Pain, Activities of Daily Living, Sport and Recreation, and Quality of Life — each from 0 (extreme problems) to 100 (no problems).
- LEFS20 itemsLower Extremity Functional ScaleThe LEFS is a 20-item patient-reported questionnaire that measures difficulty with everyday lower limb activities on a single 0 to 80 scale, where 80 indicates no difficulty and a change of 9 points is the smallest difference patients reliably notice.
Clinical calculator4
- AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot9 itemsAOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot ScaleThe AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Scale is a 100-point clinician-administered rating combining 40 points for pain, 50 for function across seven items and 10 for alignment — and although it remains the most-reported outcome in the foot and ankle literature, the society that published it withdrew its endorsement in 2011 because it was never validated.
- AOFAS Hallux8 itemsAOFAS Hallux Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal ScaleThe AOFAS Hallux Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal Scale is a 100-point clinician-administered rating of the great toe that combines 40 points for pain, 45 for function across six items and 15 for alignment — among the most widely reported outcomes after hallux valgus and hallux rigidus surgery, although the society that published it withdrew its endorsement in 2011 because it was never validated.
- AOFAS Lesser Toes8 itemsAOFAS Lesser Toes Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal ScaleThe AOFAS Lesser Toes Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal Scale is a 100-point clinician-administered rating of the second to fifth toes that combines 40 points for pain, 45 for function across six items and 15 for alignment — used to report surgery for hammer, claw and mallet toes, although the society that published it withdrew its endorsement in 2011 because it was never validated.
- Böhler Angle1 itemsBöhler AngleThe Böhler angle is measured on a lateral radiograph of the hindfoot between a line from the highest point of the anterior process to the highest point of the posterior facet and a line from that point to the top of the tuberosity, and it normally measures 20° to 40° — a flattened or negative angle indicates depression of the posterior facet.
Classification system4
- Weber3 itemsDanis-Weber Classification of Ankle FracturesThe Danis-Weber classification sorts ankle fractures into three types by the level of the fibular fracture relative to the tibiotalar joint line — type A below the syndesmosis, type B at it, and type C above it — because the height of the fibular fracture predicts how much of the syndesmosis is torn.
- Hawkins3 itemsHawkins Classification of Talar Neck FracturesThe Hawkins classification grades talar neck fractures by how many of the talus’s articulations are dislocated — none in type I, the subtalar joint in type II, the subtalar and tibiotalar joints in type III, and all three including the talonavicular joint in type IV — and the reported rate of avascular necrosis rises steeply with each type.
- Lauge-Hansen2 itemsLauge-Hansen Classification of Ankle FracturesThe Lauge-Hansen classification is a mechanistic system that sorts rotational ankle fractures into four patterns named for the position of the foot and the direction of the deforming force — supination–adduction, supination–external rotation, pronation–abduction and pronation–external rotation — each staged by how far the predictable sequence of bone and ligament failure has progressed.
- Sanders3 itemsSanders Classification of Intra-articular Calcaneal FracturesThe Sanders classification grades displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures into four types by the number of posterior facet fragments seen on the widest coronal CT image — type I non-displaced, type II two-part, type III three-part and type IV four-part or comminuted — and the type number predicts the outcome of internal fixation.