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86 instruments across outcome measures, classification systems, radiographic measurements and clinical decision rules. Filter by the joint in front of you, or search the abbreviation directly.

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86 of 86 instruments

ACL-RSIKnee
Anterior Cruciate Ligament – Return to Sport after Injury scaleThe ACL-RSI is a 12-item questionnaire of the psychological readiness to return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament injury — confidence, fear of re-injury and emotional response — with each item rated 0 to 10 and the mean expressed out of 100, where a higher score means greater readiness.
Alpha AngleHip
Alpha Angle for Cam MorphologyThe alpha angle quantifies loss of sphericity at the femoral head-neck junction, the imaging marker of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement, with published thresholds for cam morphology ranging from 50 to 60 degrees depending on the imaging view used.
AO/OTAGeneral Health
AO/OTA Fracture and Dislocation ClassificationThe AO/OTA classification gives every fracture an alphanumeric code in which the first digit is the bone, the second the segment and the letter the fracture type — extra-articular, partial articular or complete articular in an end segment, and simple, wedge or multifragmentary in a shaft — so that 32-A is a simple femoral shaft fracture and 43-C a complete articular pilon fracture.
AOFAS Ankle-HindfootFoot & Ankle
AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot ScaleThe AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Scale is a 100-point clinician-administered rating combining 40 points for pain, 50 for function across seven items and 10 for alignment — and although it remains the most-reported outcome in the foot and ankle literature, the society that published it withdrew its endorsement in 2011 because it was never validated.
AOFAS HalluxFoot & Ankle
AOFAS Hallux Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal ScaleThe AOFAS Hallux Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal Scale is a 100-point clinician-administered rating of the great toe that combines 40 points for pain, 45 for function across six items and 15 for alignment — among the most widely reported outcomes after hallux valgus and hallux rigidus surgery, although the society that published it withdrew its endorsement in 2011 because it was never validated.
AOFAS Lesser ToesFoot & Ankle
AOFAS Lesser Toes Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal ScaleThe AOFAS Lesser Toes Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal Scale is a 100-point clinician-administered rating of the second to fifth toes that combines 40 points for pain, 45 for function across six items and 15 for alignment — used to report surgery for hammer, claw and mallet toes, although the society that published it withdrew its endorsement in 2011 because it was never validated.
ASAGeneral Health
ASA Physical Status ClassificationThe ASA Physical Status Classification grades a patient’s pre-operative systemic health from I, a normal healthy patient, to VI, a declared brain-dead organ donor, with an E modifier added for emergency procedures.
ASES ScoreShoulder
American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form — patient self-report sectionThe ASES score is a patient-reported shoulder index running from 0 to 100 in which a single 0–10 pain rating supplies 50 points and ten activities of daily living rated 0–3 supply the other 50, so that 100 represents a pain-free shoulder with no functional difficulty.
BeightonGeneral Health · Paediatric
Beighton Score for Joint HypermobilityThe Beighton score measures generalised joint hypermobility with nine bedside manoeuvres scored one point each, giving a total from 0 to 9, where 4 or more is the conventional adult threshold and 6 or more the threshold in children.
Böhler AngleFoot & Ankle
Böhler AngleThe Böhler angle is measured on a lateral radiograph of the hindfoot between a line from the highest point of the anterior process to the highest point of the posterior facet and a line from that point to the top of the tuberosity, and it normally measures 20° to 40° — a flattened or negative angle indicates depression of the posterior facet.
Canadian C-Spine RuleSpine
Canadian C-Spine RuleThe Canadian C-Spine Rule decides whether an alert, stable blunt trauma patient needs cervical spine radiography through three sequential steps — high-risk factors, low-risk factors, and the ability to actively rotate the neck 45 degrees each way — with a reported sensitivity of about 99% for clinically significant injury.
CapriniGeneral Health
Caprini Risk Assessment Model for venous thromboembolismThe Caprini Risk Assessment Model estimates the risk of venous thromboembolism in a surgical patient by adding risk factors weighted 1, 2, 3 or 5 points — with elective lower limb arthroplasty, a hip, pelvis or leg fracture, stroke and acute spinal cord injury each worth 5 — to give a total that hospital protocols then map to a prophylaxis level.
Caton-DeschampsKnee
Caton-Deschamps IndexThe Caton-Deschamps index is the ratio of the distance from the inferior pole of the patellar articular surface to the anterosuperior corner of the tibial plateau, divided by the length of the patellar articular surface, where 0.6 to 1.2 is normal, above 1.2 is patella alta and below 0.6 is patella baja.
CCIGeneral Health
Charlson Comorbidity IndexThe Charlson Comorbidity Index is a weighted checklist of 16 comorbid conditions that produces a comorbidity score of 0 to 33, to which up to 4 points are added for age, and which estimates 10-year survival at roughly 98% for a total of 0, 90% for 2, 53% for 4 and 21% for 5.
Cobb AngleSpine · Paediatric
Cobb Angle for ScoliosisThe Cobb angle measures the magnitude of a scoliotic curve as the angle between the superior endplate of the upper end vertebra and the inferior endplate of the lower end vertebra, where 10 degrees or more defines scoliosis and 45 to 50 degrees is the conventional threshold for discussing surgery.
Constant ScoreShoulder
Constant-Murley Shoulder ScoreThe Constant-Murley score is a 100-point clinician-administered shoulder assessment combining 35 subjective points for pain and daily activities with 65 objective points for measured range of motion and abduction strength, where 100 represents a normal, pain-free shoulder.
CroweHip
Crowe Classification of Developmental Dysplasia of the HipThe Crowe classification grades developmental dysplasia of the hip in adults by how far the femoral head has migrated proximally, expressed as a percentage of the femoral head height and estimated from the pelvic height, giving four types: under 50%, 50–75%, 75–100% and over 100% subluxation.
ECOGGeneral Health
ECOG Performance StatusThe ECOG Performance Status grades a patient’s functional capacity from 0, fully active, to 4, completely disabled and confined to bed or chair, with 5 denoting death — and in orthopaedic oncology it is the single figure that most often decides whether a metastatic lesion is worth fixing.
ElixhauserGeneral Health
Elixhauser Comorbidity Score (van Walraven weights)The Elixhauser comorbidity score applies the van Walraven point weights to 30 comorbidities, giving each a whole-number weight from −7 to +12 so that their sum predicts in-hospital death from hospital diagnosis codes — and in one large national inpatient dataset it discriminated slightly better than the Charlson index.
FAAMFoot & Ankle
Foot and Ankle Ability MeasureThe FAAM is a 29-item patient-reported questionnaire for musculoskeletal disorders of the leg, foot and ankle that produces two separate subscale scores — Activities of Daily Living from 21 items and Sports from 8 items — each expressed from 0% (unable to perform the listed activities) to 100% (no limitation).
FADIFoot & Ankle
Foot and Ankle Disability IndexThe Foot and Ankle Disability Index is a patient-reported questionnaire of 26 scored items — 22 activities and 4 pain items, each rated 0 to 4 for a maximum of 104 — with an optional 8-item sports subscale out of 32, where a higher score means less disability.
FAOSFoot & Ankle
Foot and Ankle Outcome ScoreThe FAOS is a 42-item patient-reported questionnaire adapted from the KOOS that scores foot and ankle problems as five separate subscales — Symptoms, Pain, Activities of Daily Living, Sport and Recreation, and Quality of Life — each from 0 (extreme problems) to 100 (no problems).
Ficat-ArletHip
Ficat and Arlet Classification of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral HeadThe Ficat and Arlet classification stages osteonecrosis of the femoral head from 0 to IV by the most advanced imaging finding present — normal imaging, an abnormal MRI with a normal radiograph, sclerosis or cysts with a round head, subchondral collapse, and finally joint space narrowing — with stage III marking the point at which the head has collapsed and head-preserving surgery stops working.
FrykmanWrist & Hand
Frykman Classification of Distal Radius FracturesThe Frykman classification sorts distal radius fractures into eight types from two findings — whether the fracture enters the radiocarpal joint, the distal radioulnar joint, both or neither, and whether the ulnar styloid is fractured — with odd-numbered types having an intact styloid and even-numbered types a fractured one.
GardenHip
Garden Classification of Femoral Neck FracturesThe Garden classification grades intracapsular femoral neck fractures into four types by the completeness of the fracture line and the degree of displacement on an anteroposterior radiograph, where types I and II are non-displaced and types III and IV are displaced.
GartlandPaediatric · Elbow
Gartland Classification of Supracondylar Humerus FracturesThe Gartland classification grades extension-type supracondylar humerus fractures in children as type I when non-displaced, type II when angulated with the posterior cortex intact, type III when completely displaced with no cortical contact, and type IV when the fracture is unstable in both flexion and extension — a diagnosis that can only be made under fluoroscopy in theatre.
Gustilo-AndersonGeneral Health
Gustilo-Anderson Classification of Open FracturesThe Gustilo-Anderson classification grades open fractures from type I to type IIIC by wound size, degree of soft tissue damage, contamination and vascular injury, and it is the system that drives antibiotic choice, debridement planning and the decision on soft tissue coverage.
Harris Hip ScoreHip
Harris Hip ScoreThe Harris Hip Score is a 100-point clinician-administered hip assessment combining 44 points for pain, 47 for function, 4 for absence of deformity and 5 for range of motion, where 90 or above is graded excellent and below 70 poor.
HawkinsFoot & Ankle
Hawkins Classification of Talar Neck FracturesThe Hawkins classification grades talar neck fractures by how many of the talus’s articulations are dislocated — none in type I, the subtalar joint in type II, the subtalar and tibiotalar joints in type III, and all three including the talonavicular joint in type IV — and the reported rate of avascular necrosis rises steeply with each type.
HOSHip
Hip Outcome ScoreThe Hip Outcome Score is a 28-item patient-reported questionnaire for non-arthritic hip conditions that yields two independent percentage scores — an Activities of Daily Living subscale, administered as 19 questions of which 17 are scored, and a 9-item Sports subscale — each running from 0% (unable to perform the listed activities) to 100% (no difficulty at all).
HOOSHip
Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome ScoreThe HOOS is a 40-item patient-reported questionnaire that scores hip function as five separate subscales — Symptoms, Pain, Activities of Daily Living, Sport and Recreation, and Hip-related Quality of Life — each from 0 (extreme problems) to 100 (no problems).
IKDCKnee
International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation FormThe IKDC Subjective Knee Evaluation Form is an 18-item patient-reported questionnaire covering knee symptoms, sports and daily activity and current knee function, whose raw total is transformed to a 0 to 100 score where 100 means no symptoms and no activity limitation — it requires permission from the AOSSM, so the items are not reproduced here.
Insall-SalvatiKnee
Insall-Salvati IndexThe Insall-Salvati index is the ratio of patellar tendon length to patellar length measured on a lateral knee radiograph; a ratio between 0.8 and 1.2 is normal, above 1.2 indicates patella alta, and below 0.8 indicates patella baja.
Kellgren-LawrenceKnee · Hip · General Health
Kellgren-Lawrence Classification of OsteoarthritisThe Kellgren-Lawrence classification grades radiographic osteoarthritis from 0 to 4 based on osteophyte formation, joint space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis and bone contour deformity, with grade 2 conventionally taken as the threshold for definite radiographic osteoarthritis.
KJOCShoulder · Elbow
Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow ScoreThe KJOC Shoulder and Elbow Score is a 10-item patient-reported questionnaire for overhead athletes — throwers, tennis players, swimmers — in which each item is rated 0 to 10 and the sum out of 100 describes how well the arm lets them compete, with a higher score meaning better function.
Knee Outcome SurveyKnee
Knee Outcome Survey — Activities of Daily Living Scale and Sports Activity ScaleThe Knee Outcome Survey is a patient-reported measure of knee function with two scales — a 14-item Activities of Daily Living Scale and an 11-item Sports Activity Scale — each item scored 5 to 0 and expressed as a percentage of the maximum, so that 100% means no symptoms and no functional limitation.
Kocher CriteriaHip · Paediatric
Kocher Criteria for Septic Arthritis of the HipThe Kocher criteria estimate the probability that a child with an irritable hip has septic arthritis rather than transient synovitis, using four independent predictors — non-weight-bearing, fever above 38.5 °C, ESR above 40 mm/hour and white cell count above 12,000 — with predicted probability rising from under 0.2% when none are present to over 99% when all four are.
KOOSKnee
Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome ScoreThe KOOS is a 42-item patient-reported questionnaire that scores knee function as five separate subscales — Symptoms, Pain, Activities of Daily Living, Sport and Recreation, and Quality of Life — each from 0 (extreme problems) to 100 (no problems).
LCEAHip
Lateral Centre-Edge Angle of WibergThe lateral centre-edge angle measures how far the acetabulum covers the femoral head laterally on an anteroposterior pelvis radiograph, where below 18 degrees indicates frank dysplasia, 18 to 25 degrees is borderline, 25 to 39 degrees is normal, and 40 degrees or more indicates overcoverage.
Lauge-HansenFoot & Ankle
Lauge-Hansen Classification of Ankle FracturesThe Lauge-Hansen classification is a mechanistic system that sorts rotational ankle fractures into four patterns named for the position of the foot and the direction of the deforming force — supination–adduction, supination–external rotation, pronation–abduction and pronation–external rotation — each staged by how far the predictable sequence of bone and ligament failure has progressed.
LEFSKnee · Hip · Foot & Ankle
Lower Extremity Functional ScaleThe LEFS is a 20-item patient-reported questionnaire that measures difficulty with everyday lower limb activities on a single 0 to 80 scale, where 80 indicates no difficulty and a change of 9 points is the smallest difference patients reliably notice.
LysholmKnee
Lysholm Knee Scoring ScaleThe Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale is an eight-domain questionnaire that rates knee symptoms and function — limp, support, locking, instability, pain, swelling, stair climbing and squatting — on a 0 to 100 scale, where 95 and above is graded excellent, 84 to 94 good, 65 to 83 fair, and below 65 poor.
MarxKnee
Marx Activity Rating ScaleThe Marx Activity Rating Scale measures how frequently a patient runs, cuts, decelerates and pivots in their healthiest state over the past year, scoring each on a 0 to 4 frequency scale for a total of 0 to 16, where a higher score means a more demanding activity level.
MasonElbow
Mason Classification of Radial Head FracturesThe Mason classification sorts radial head fractures into four types — non-displaced (I), displaced partial articular (II), comminuted involving the whole head (III), and any radial head fracture accompanied by an elbow dislocation (IV) — and the type broadly separates fractures managed non-operatively from those needing fixation or replacement.
Mayo Elbow ScoreElbow
Mayo Elbow Performance ScoreThe Mayo Elbow Performance Score is a 100-point examiner-completed rating of the elbow that combines 45 points for pain, 20 for arc of motion, 10 for stability and 25 for five daily tasks, graded excellent at 90 or above, good at 75 to 89, fair at 60 to 74 and poor below 60.
Mayo Wrist ScoreWrist & Hand
Mayo Wrist ScoreThe Mayo Wrist Score is a 100-point rating of the wrist made of four equal parts — pain, functional status, range of motion and grip strength, 25 points each — with the last two expressed as a percentage of the opposite wrist, and it is graded excellent at 90 or above through to poor below 60.
MESSGeneral Health
Mangled Extremity Severity ScoreThe Mangled Extremity Severity Score adds four components — skeletal and soft tissue injury, limb ischaemia (doubled if ischaemia exceeds six hours), shock and age — and a total of 7 or more was 100% predictive of amputation in the original series, a threshold that later prospective work found does not hold well enough to decide an individual case.
MeyerdingSpine
Meyerding Classification of SpondylolisthesisThe Meyerding classification grades spondylolisthesis by the percentage of anterior translation of one vertebral body over the one below, measured on a standing lateral radiograph, from grade I at 25% or less through to grade V, spondyloptosis, beyond 100%.
MirelsGeneral Health · Hip
Mirels' Score for Pathological Fracture RiskMirels' score estimates the risk of pathological fracture through a long bone metastasis by scoring four variables — site, pain, radiographic appearance and lesion size — from 1 to 3 each, giving a total from 4 to 12, where 9 or more is the conventional threshold for prophylactic fixation.
MMEGeneral Health
Morphine Milligram Equivalent (MME) CalculatorThe morphine milligram equivalent calculator converts the total daily dose of one or more opioids into a single morphine-equivalent figure, used to assess cumulative opioid exposure and overdose risk, where 50 MME per day and above warrants careful review.
Modified OswestrySpine
Modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability QuestionnaireThe Modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire is the Oswestry with one change — an employment and homemaking section replaces the sex life section — scored the same way: ten sections rated 0 to 5, added and doubled to give a percentage from 0% (no disability) to 100% (maximum disability).
NDISpine
Neck Disability IndexThe Neck Disability Index measures how far neck pain restricts ten everyday activities, scoring each section from 0 to 5 for a raw total out of 50, which is commonly doubled and reported as a percentage from 0% (no disability) to 100% (complete disability).
NeerShoulder
Neer Classification of Proximal Humerus FracturesThe Neer classification sorts proximal humerus fractures into one-, two-, three- and four-part injuries by counting how many of the four anatomical segments — articular surface, greater tuberosity, lesser tuberosity and shaft — are displaced more than 1 cm or angulated more than 45°, with separate categories for fracture-dislocations and articular surface fractures.
NEXUSSpine
NEXUS Low-Risk Criteria for Cervical Spine ImagingThe NEXUS low-risk criteria allow the cervical spine to be cleared without imaging after blunt trauma when all five findings are absent — midline cervical tenderness, focal neurological deficit, altered alertness, intoxication and a distracting injury — with a reported sensitivity of about 99% for clinically significant injury.
ODISpine
Oswestry Disability IndexThe Oswestry Disability Index measures how far low back pain restricts ten everyday activities, scoring each section from 0 to 5 and expressing the total as a percentage from 0% (no disability) to 100% (maximum disability).
Ottawa Ankle RulesFoot & Ankle
Ottawa Ankle RulesThe Ottawa Ankle Rules determine whether an acute ankle or midfoot injury requires radiographs, based on bone tenderness at four specific sites and the ability to bear weight for four steps; they are approximately 98% sensitive for clinically significant fractures.
Ottawa Knee RuleKnee
Ottawa Knee RuleThe Ottawa Knee Rule determines whether an acute knee injury requires radiographs using five criteria — age 55 or over, isolated patellar tenderness, fibular head tenderness, inability to flex to 90 degrees, and inability to bear weight for four steps — and is close to 99% sensitive for clinically significant fractures.
OuterbridgeKnee · General Health
Outerbridge Classification of Chondral LesionsThe Outerbridge classification grades articular cartilage damage from 0 to IV at arthroscopy, progressing from normal cartilage through softening, fissuring under and over 1.3 centimetres in diameter, to full-thickness erosion exposing subchondral bone.
Oxford Hip ScoreHip
Oxford Hip ScoreThe Oxford Hip Score is a 12-item patient-reported questionnaire about hip pain and everyday function over the past four weeks, each item scored 0 to 4 and summed to a total of 0 to 48 in which 48 represents the best possible hip — it is licensed by Oxford University Innovation, so the item wording is not reproduced here.
Oxford Shoulder ScoreShoulder
Oxford Shoulder ScoreThe Oxford Shoulder Score is a 12-item patient-reported questionnaire about shoulder pain and everyday function over the past four weeks, each item scored 0 to 4 and summed to a total of 0 to 48 in which 48 represents the best possible shoulder — it is licensed by Oxford University Innovation, so the item wording is not reproduced here.
PauwelsHip
Pauwels Classification of Femoral Neck FracturesThe Pauwels classification grades an intracapsular femoral neck fracture by the angle between the fracture line and the horizontal plane on an anteroposterior radiograph — type I below 30°, type II from 30° to 50°, and type III above 50° — because the more vertical the fracture, the greater the shear component across it and the higher the risk of fixation failure.
Pittsburgh Knee RulesKnee
Pittsburgh Knee RulesThe Pittsburgh Knee Rules indicate a knee radiograph after blunt trauma or a fall when the patient is younger than 12 or older than 50, or cannot walk four weight-bearing steps in the emergency department — and the rule does not apply at all to any other mechanism of injury.
PROMIS Global-10General Health
PROMIS Global Health Short Form (Global-10)The PROMIS Global-10 is a 10-item general health questionnaire that yields two four-item summary scores — Global Physical Health and Global Mental Health — each reported as a T-score calibrated to the United States general population, where 50 is the population mean, 10 points is one standard deviation, and higher scores indicate better health.
PSEQGeneral Health · Spine
Pain Self-Efficacy QuestionnaireThe Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire measures how confident a person is in carrying out activities despite their pain, scoring ten statements from 0 to 6 for a total of 0 to 60, where higher scores indicate stronger self-efficacy and 40 or more is the commonly cited threshold for a good functional prognosis.
QuickDASHShoulder · Elbow · Wrist & Hand
Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and HandThe QuickDASH is an 11-item shortened form of the DASH that measures physical function and symptoms across the whole upper limb on a single 0 to 100 scale, where a higher score means greater disability.
RockwoodShoulder
Rockwood Classification of Acromioclavicular Joint InjuriesThe Rockwood classification grades acromioclavicular joint injuries into six types by which ligaments are torn and by the direction and magnitude of clavicular displacement, where types I and II are treated non-operatively, types IV to VI operatively, and type III remains contested.
RMDQSpine
Roland-Morris Disability QuestionnaireThe Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire measures physical disability from low back pain by counting how many of 24 statements a patient agrees with, giving a score from 0 (no disability) to 24 (maximum disability).
Rowe ScoreShoulder
Rowe Score for Shoulder InstabilityThe Rowe score is a 100-point clinician-administered rating for shoulder instability that awards 50 points for stability, 20 for range of motion and 30 for function, where 100 represents a stable, fully mobile and unrestricted shoulder.
Salter-HarrisPaediatric · General Health
Salter-Harris Classification of Physeal FracturesThe Salter-Harris classification grades fractures involving the growth plate into five types, from a fracture through the physis alone (type I) to a crush injury of the physis (type V), according to whether the fracture line also involves the metaphysis, the epiphysis, or both.
SandersFoot & Ankle
Sanders Classification of Intra-articular Calcaneal FracturesThe Sanders classification grades displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures into four types by the number of posterior facet fragments seen on the widest coronal CT image — type I non-displaced, type II two-part, type III three-part and type IV four-part or comminuted — and the type number predicts the outcome of internal fixation.
SchatzkerKnee
Schatzker Classification of Tibial Plateau FracturesThe Schatzker classification sorts tibial plateau fractures into six types by the plateau involved and the fracture pattern, where types I to III involve the lateral plateau and carry a better prognosis, and types IV to VI are higher-energy injuries with medial, bicondylar or metaphyseal-diaphyseal involvement.
SSTShoulder
Simple Shoulder TestThe Simple Shoulder Test asks twelve yes-or-no questions about everyday shoulder functions and scores the number answered yes, giving a total from 0 to 12 where 12 means all twelve functions are retained.
SINSSpine
Spinal Instability Neoplastic ScoreThe Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score grades the mechanical stability of a spine affected by tumour by adding six components — location, mechanical pain, lesion quality, alignment, vertebral body collapse and posterolateral involvement — to a total from 0 to 18, where 0 to 6 is stable, 7 to 12 is indeterminate and 13 to 18 is unstable, and any total of 7 or more warrants surgical consultation.
SPADIShoulder
Shoulder Pain and Disability IndexThe SPADI is a 13-item patient-reported questionnaire that measures shoulder pain and disability over the past week on two subscales — 5 pain items and 8 disability items — each rated 0–10 and transformed to a 0–100% score in which a higher score means more pain and greater disability.
STarT BackSpine
STarT Back Screening ToolThe STarT Back Screening Tool stratifies patients with low back pain into low, medium and high risk of persistent disabling pain using nine items, of which five form a psychosocial subscale, so that treatment can be matched to risk rather than given uniformly.
TegnerKnee
Tegner Activity ScaleThe Tegner Activity Scale is a single-item ordinal ladder that grades a patient's work and sport activity from 0 (sick leave or disability pension because of knee problems) to 10 (national or international elite competitive sport), and is normally recorded twice — the pre-injury level and the current level — so that the drop between them can be reported.
TLICSSpine
Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity ScoreTLICS grades a thoracolumbar injury by adding three components — injury morphology scored 1 to 4, integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex scored 0 to 3, and neurological status scored 0 to 3 — giving a total from 1 to 10 in which 3 or less favours non-operative treatment, 4 is left to the surgeon’s discretion and 5 or more favours surgery.
Tönnis AngleHip
Tönnis Angle (Acetabular Index of the Weight-Bearing Zone)The Tönnis angle measures the slope of the acetabular weight-bearing zone on an anteroposterior pelvis radiograph, where 0 to 10 degrees is normal, above 10 degrees indicates a steep upsloping roof associated with dysplasia and instability, and a negative angle indicates overcoverage.
Tampa Scale of KinesiophobiaGeneral Health
Tampa Scale of KinesiophobiaThe Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia is a 17-item self-report questionnaire of fear of movement and (re)injury in people with pain, scored 1 to 4 per item (four items reverse-scored) for a total of 17 to 68, where a higher total means more fear and a total above 37 is widely used as the cut-off for high kinesiophobia.
TSK-11General Health
Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, 11-item versionThe TSK-11 is the 11-item short form of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, which drops the four reverse-scored items and items 9 and 14 of the original, scores each remaining statement 1 to 4 for a total of 11 to 44, and reads a higher total as more fear of movement and (re)injury.
UCLA Shoulder ScoreShoulder
University of California at Los Angeles Shoulder Rating ScaleThe UCLA Shoulder Rating Scale is a 35-point shoulder assessment scoring pain and function out of 10 each, active forward flexion and forward-flexion strength out of 5 each, and patient satisfaction as either 0 or 5, where a higher total is better and 34–35 is graded excellent.
UEFSShoulder · Elbow · Wrist & Hand
Upper Extremity Function ScaleThe Upper Extremity Function Scale is an 8-item patient-reported questionnaire in which the patient rates the difficulty of eight everyday activities — sleeping, writing, opening jars, picking up small objects, driving, opening a door, carrying a milk jug and washing dishes — from 1 (no problem) to 10 (cannot do it at all), for a total of 8 to 80 where a higher score means more difficulty.
VancouverHip
Vancouver Classification of Periprosthetic Femoral FracturesThe Vancouver classification sorts a periprosthetic femoral fracture occurring after hip arthroplasty into type A at the trochanters, type B around or just below the stem — subdivided by whether the stem is well fixed (B1), loose with adequate bone stock (B2), or loose with deficient bone stock (B3) — and type C well distal to the stem, and it is the system that decides whether the fracture is fixed or the stem is revised.
WeberFoot & Ankle
Danis-Weber Classification of Ankle FracturesThe Danis-Weber classification sorts ankle fractures into three types by the level of the fibular fracture relative to the tibiotalar joint line — type A below the syndesmosis, type B at it, and type C above it — because the height of the fibular fracture predicts how much of the syndesmosis is torn.
Wells DVTGeneral Health
Wells Score for Deep Vein ThrombosisThe Wells score for deep vein thrombosis estimates pre-test probability from ten clinical criteria, nine of which add a point and one of which subtracts two, stratifying patients into low, moderate and high probability groups that carry roughly 5%, 17% and 53% prevalence of DVT.
WOSIShoulder
Western Ontario Shoulder Instability IndexThe Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index is a 21-item patient-reported measure of the quality-of-life effects of shoulder instability, each item rated 0 to 100 across four domains — physical symptoms, sports and work, lifestyle and emotions — and usually reported as a percentage of normal in which 100% means no impairment.