Ankle sprain and instability

Patient-reported outcome measure4

• FAAM Calculator29 items
  Foot and Ankle Ability MeasureThe FAAM is a 29-item patient-reported questionnaire for musculoskeletal disorders of the leg, foot and ankle that produces two separate subscale scores — Activities of Daily Living from 21 items and Sports from 8 items — each expressed from 0% (unable to perform the listed activities) to 100% (no limitation).
• FADI Calculator34 items
  Foot and Ankle Disability IndexThe Foot and Ankle Disability Index is a patient-reported questionnaire of 26 scored items — 22 activities and 4 pain items, each rated 0 to 4 for a maximum of 104 — with an optional 8-item sports subscale out of 32, where a higher score means less disability.
• FAOS Calculator42 items
  Foot and Ankle Outcome ScoreThe FAOS is a 42-item patient-reported questionnaire adapted from the KOOS that scores foot and ankle problems as five separate subscales — Symptoms, Pain, Activities of Daily Living, Sport and Recreation, and Quality of Life — each from 0 (extreme problems) to 100 (no problems).
• LEFS Calculator20 items
  Lower Extremity Functional ScaleThe LEFS is a 20-item patient-reported questionnaire that measures difficulty with everyday lower limb activities on a single 0 to 80 scale, where 80 indicates no difficulty and a change of 9 points is the smallest difference patients reliably notice.

Clinical calculator1

• AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Calculator9 items
  AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot ScaleThe AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Scale is a 100-point clinician-administered rating combining 40 points for pain, 50 for function across seven items and 10 for alignment — and although it remains the most-reported outcome in the foot and ankle literature, the society that published it withdrew its endorsement in 2011 because it was never validated.

Clinical decision rule1

• Ottawa Ankle Rules7 items
  Ottawa Ankle RulesThe Ottawa Ankle Rules determine whether an acute ankle or midfoot injury requires radiographs, based on bone tenderness at four specific sites and the ability to bear weight for four steps; they are approximately 98% sensitive for clinically significant fractures.

Thresholds that apply here

Published change thresholds across the instruments above. Check the population matches your patient before using a value — a threshold derived in a different cohort will mislead you.

See the full threshold database for every instrument on the site.

Related conditions

• Achilles tendinopathy2
• Ankle fracture7
• Ankle osteoarthritis3
• Hallux valgus3